Renaissance, Its Impact on English Literature

Chuddar Devil Ala University, Sirs (Established by the State Legislature Act 9 of 2003) Department of English [pick] Syllabus for M. A. English (Previous and Final) under University Centre for Distance Learning (SCUD) M. A. English Previous Appear History of English Literature Paper II Study of Drama Study of Poetry Paper Ill Paper IV Study of Novel Paper V: Phonetics, Linguistics and LET Paper I History of English Note: h Literature The candidates are required to attempt five questions in all. Besides question No. 10 in Section C which is compulsory, the candidates shall attempt two questions each room sections A and B.All questions carry equal marks. Total marks for the paper are 8. Total marks for the paper are 80. Note: for Paper Setters 1 . The question paper will consist of three sections I. E. Section-A, B and C. There shall be Ten questions in all. There shall be one question with internal choice on each of the nine chapters prescribed in sections A and B. However, Q No. 10 i n section C is compulsory. 2. Background Reading section aims at testing the candidates' understanding of important books/authors/trends/movements/submerges related to this paper.The section will carry one compulsory question of 16 marks requiring the candidates to show acquaintance with any four of the six given items. The candidates are expected to write a paragraph of about 150 words on each of the four items they attempt. Book Prescribed: A New History of English Literature by IBM S Day,Entwined: Dobra Publications, 2006. Section A: Chapter 1-5 Section B: Chapter 6-9 Section C: Background Reading The Baroque Sensibility, Utilitarianism, Victorian Compromise, Women Writers up to Seventeenth Century, Gothic Novel, Pre Raphael Movement, Impressionism, Images, Novel of Ideas, Freud and his Impact on literature.Suggested Reading: . David Daisies: A Critical History of English Literature Volvo. 1-4. 2. Compton Rickets: A History of English Literature 3. ‘for ‘vans: A Short History of English Literature 4. Eulogies and Canadian: A History of English Literature 5. Margaret Durable: The Oxford Companion to English Note:The candidates are required to attempt five questions in all. Besides question No. 10 in Section C which is compulsory, the candidates shall attempt two questions each from sections A and B. All questions carry equal marks. Total marks for the paper are 80. Shall be ten questions in all.There shall be one question with internal choice on each of the nine Units prescribed in sections A and B. However, Q No. 10 in section C is compulsory. Section A Unit I Unit II unit Ill unit Unit V Christopher Marlowe: Dry. Faustus William Shakespeare: A Midsummer Night's Dream William Shakespeare: Hamlet Ben Johnson: The Alchemist Richard Brinkley Sheridan: School for Scandal Section B Unit VI Bernard Shaw: Pygmalion Unit VII TTS Eliot: Murder in the Cathedral Unit VIII Samuel Becket: Waiting for God John Osborne: Look Back in Anger Mystery and Morality plays, University Wits, Seneca and the Elizabethan Tragedy,Historical plays of Shakespeare, The Way of the World, Duchess of Mall, Elizabeth Griffith, Epic theatre, Jean Genet, Comedy of Menace. 1 . Already Nicolle: History of English Drama 2. Already Nicolle, A History of Restoration Drama 1660-1700 3. A. C. Bradley: Shakespearean Tragedy 4. M C Breadroot, English Dramatic Form: A History of Its Development 5. Nicholas Green, Singe : a Critical Study of His Plays 6. Nun. Ellis Former: The Jacobean Drama: An Interpretation 7. Raymond Williams: Drama from Ibsen to Breech 8. David Pennington deed: Twentieth Century Interpretations of Hamlet 9.Scubas, Karakas, T S Eliot the Dramatist. Paper Ill Study of Poetry 1. The question paper will consist of three sections I. E. Section-A, B and C. There each of the nine Units prescribed in sections A and B. However, Q No. 10 in section C is compulsory. Unit I . Chaucer: Prelude to Canterbury Tales John Done: The following poems from The Metaphys ical Poets, deed unit 2. Helen Gardner (penguin) are prescribed: â€Å"The Good Morrow', â€Å"The Flea†, ‘The Sun Rising†. The Connotation†, â€Å"A Valediction- For bidding Mourning†, â€Å"The Sixties†, â€Å"Better My Heart, Three Person's Unit 3. John Milton: Paradise Lost (Book 1)Unit 4. Alexander Pope: The Rape of the Lock Unit 5. William Wordsmith:: ‘Itinerant Abbey'. To The Cuckoo†, â€Å"The Solitary Reaper†, â€Å"Daffodils†. â€Å"Ode on Intimation of Immortality', â€Å"Ode to Duty', â€Å"Uniting†. Unit 6. John Keats: : â€Å"Ode too Nightingale†. Mode on a Grecian Urn†, â€Å"Ode on Melancholy', â€Å"To Autumn. â€Å"To Psyche†, â€Å"La Belle Dame Sans Merck†. Unit 7. Robert Browning: The following poems are prescribed: â€Å"Evelyn Hope†, â€Å"My Last Duchess†, â€Å"The Last Ride Together†, â€Å"A Grammarian's Funeral†. â€Å"Porp hyry's Lover†, â€Å"Rabbi Ben Ezra†. Unit 8. Matthew Arnold: The following poems are prescribed: â€Å"Scholar Gipsy†.Dover Beach†. â€Å"Shakespeare†. â€Å"The Death of Sahara†. â€Å"Growing Old†, â€Å"Life and Thought† Unit 9. WEB Yeats: The following poems are prescribed: â€Å"The Two Trees†. â€Å"The Tower†, â€Å"The Song of the Happy Shepherd†. â€Å"Sailing to Byzantium†, â€Å"Lead and the Swan†. Background Reading: Robert Burns. William Blake. Elizabeth Browning. Modern British Poetry between the Wars, Modern Poetry after World War II. Symbolism, † The Rime of the Ancient Mariner†. Thomas Gray. Oliver Goldsmith. 1 . James Reeves: A Short History of English Photometry- 1940 2. Joan Bennett: Five Metaphysical Poets 3. CM Bower: Romantic Imagination 4.M. H. Abram: English Romantic Poets: Modern Essays in Criticism 5. G. H. Hartman: Wordsmith's Poetry, 1787-1834 6. Sidney Cob in: Keats 7. Ian Jack: Augustan Satire 8. Hugh Walker: Satire and Satirists 9. F. L. Lucas: Ten Victorian Poets 10. B. Raja. deed. : John Milton 11. Hellcat Smith: Elizabethan Poetry 12. Jay Martin: A Collection of Critical Essays on The Wasteland: Twentieth Century Interpretations. Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe Henry Fielding: Tom Jones Jonathan Swift: Guilder's Travels Jane Austin: Pride and Prejudice Sir Walter Scott: Ivanhoe Second B Unit VI Emily Bronze: Withering HeightsUnit VII Charles Dickens: Great Expectations Unit VIII George Eliot: Middleware Unit IX Thomas Hardy: The Mayor of Sturbridge Section C: Industrial Revolution, The Chartist Movement. Darning's Concept of Evolution and its impact on English Literature, Anthony Trollope, Mrs.. Elizabeth Seashell. Pamela. Robinson Crusoe. Benjamin Disraeli. John Banyan's Pilgrim's Progress. 1. F. R. Leaves: The Great Tradition 2. David Cecil: Early Victorian Novelists 3. E. M. Forester: Aspects of the Novel 4. W. C. Booth: The Rhetoric of Fiction 5. Raymond Williams: The English Novel from Dickens to Lawrence 6.Terry Galleon: The English Novel: An Introduction 7. Lionel Trilling: The Liberal Imagination 8. Diana Neil: A Short History of the English Novel Paper V: Phonetics, Linguistics and LET Unit I History of English Language: Old English, Middle English and Modern English, Influence of other languages on English Unit II Phonetics and Phonology 1: Speech Mechanism, Phonemes and Classification of Sounds of English RPR. Unit Ill Phonetics and Phonology 2: Syllable and its structure, word accent, Intonation, Phonetic transcription Unit IV English Morphology: Inflectional and derivation Morphology, Morphological analysis of English words.Unit V English Syntax Unit VI LET in India: A Brief History, Role of English, Difficulties of Indian Learners of English Unit VII Methods and Material: Grammar Translation Method, Direct Method, Communicative Language Teaching, Audio Lingual Method Unit VIII Stylistics Uni t IX English Literary Terms Section C : Received Pronunciation, Intonation and its Functions, Weak Forms, Immediate Constituent Analysis, Cohesion and Coherence, Language Varieties, Cognitive and Emotive Meaning, Competence and Performance, Transformational-Generative Rules, Second Language Acquisition. Para linguistic Features.Krishna Monitor Theory of Second Language Acquisition. 1 . J D O' Connors: Better English Pronunciation (Cambridge: Cambridge University press. 2000) 2. Peter Roach: English Phonetics and Phonology (Cambridge: Cambridge University 3. Seth' and Domain: A Course on Phonetics and Spoken English (Prentice Hall) 4. David Crystal: Linguistics (Harmonistic: Penguin, 1971) 5. S K Verna and N Swordsmanship: Modern Linguistics (New Delhi: 01 1989) 6. AC Bough and T Cable: A History of English Language (4th Edition) 7. B Strange: A History of English (London: Methuen. 1970) IV Stylistics 8. B Leach and M.Short: Style in Fiction (London: Longing. 1981) 9. P Cole and JELL Morgan: deed. Syntax and Semantics (Volvo. 3,9. 11). (New York: American press. 1975) 10. Steven Davis: deed. Pragmatic: A Reader (Oxford: PUP, 1991) 1 1 . Jack C. Richards and Theodore S. Rogers: Approaches and Method in Language Teaching Description and Analysis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) 12. K Catgut: A Critical Study of Methods and Approaches (New Delhi: Harmon Publishing House 1998). MA English Final Paper VI : Literary Criticism and Theory Paper VI': American Literature Paper VIII : Indian English Literature

Professional Development of Nursing Professionals Essay

In 2010 the Institute of Medicine (IOM) released a report indicating that nurses are a key component to the improvement of the healthcare transformation in the United States of America. The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health discussed the powerful impact of a highly educated and trained nurse in the medical profession by examining evidenced based research and relative trends. In the following essay we will discuss how these findings influence nursing education, primary care nursing practice, and the leadership roles nurses will inevitably be placed. When addressing how nursing practice will be affected, we will also discuss how the goals of the IOM will be met. Impact on Nursing of the 2010 IOM Report The Affordable Care Act of 2010 presented an interesting dilemma. According to the IOM panel, America will heavily rely on the expertise and compassionate care of advanced practice nurse’s to bridge the gap between the existing low number of primary care providers and the addition of thirty- two million people to the currently insured group of Americans. To connect this gap, it will be necessary to allow nurses to practice to their full potential by expanding their education and training. Nursing Education The majority of nurses in the workforce today are educated at a community college level and do not hold a Bachelor’s Degree. However, the report findings indicate the need for these nurses to attain a Bachelor Degree. This push is mainly because studies have shown a ten percent increase in the proportion of nurses holding a bachelor’s degree was associated with a five percent decrease in probability of patient’s demise within thirty days of admission and the odds of failure to rescue (Aiken, 2003). The IOM’s goal is to increase this from fifty percent to an eighty percent by 2020. To meet this goal they call for â€Å"seamless academic progression† through integrated transitions between community colleges and universities. The committee also stated the need for more affordable nursing education and training to meet the complex demands that chronic health conditions create. Primary Practice Nursing Care The IOM committee recommended the necessity of nurses to be able to practice  to the full extent of their education and training especially Advanced Practiced Registered Nurses (APRN’s). In the United States of America, there are many legal barriers and inconsistent state regulations that prevent nurses from practicing to their full potential. The IOM report states, â€Å"APRN’s scopes of practice are so circumscribed that their competence extends far beyond their authority. At any point in their career, APRN’s can do much more than they may legally do. As APRN’s acquire new skills, they must seek administrative or statutory revision of their defined scopes of practice (a costly and often difficult enterprise).† Once legislation allows APRN’s to practice to their full scope of practice the high quality health care can be delivered. APRN’s in primary practice can be extended to meet the physicians and patient needs. When nurses and doctors collaborate, quality patient care increases and cost efficiency is created. One way of establishing this collaborative team effort is by hiring more Advanced Practiced Nurses (APN) in primary care practices. Another way we can transform nursing practice in primary care is by allowing nurse’s to be more involved with data collection. Jack Rowe from the IOM committee stated that science is based on â€Å"objective evaluation of evidence†. This evidence can be provided by the nurses who provide care to patients on a daily basis in order to create a more efficient health care system. Nurse’s Role as a Leader The IOM report indicated the need for nurses to become the leaders of the upcoming reform. Today’s nurse is in a unique position due to the 2013 Gallup Poll’s statement that they are the most â€Å"trusted† profession in the United States. Bill Neville from the panel suggested that more nurses be put in boardrooms, legislation panels, and given more opportunities to lead. These qualities combined give nurses more power and force in leading discussions that will ultimately drive the change that needs to take place. Overall the IOM report is opening the door for huge upcoming opportunities for the nursing profession. Nurses are a vital part in the healthcare  reformation by becoming full partners with physicians, creating seamless academic progression for educational advancement, and practicing to their full scope of practice. References Aiken, L. H., et al. (2003). Educational Levels of Hospital Nurses and Surgical Mortality. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290(12), 1617-1623. Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing, at the Institute of Medicine. (2011). The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health. IOM, Pg. 97. Retrieved from http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12956 Institute of Medicine. (IOM). (2010, October 5). The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health-Report Briefing [Video]. Retrieved from http:// www.iom.edu/Reports/2010/The-Future-of-Nursing-Leading-change-Advancing-Health/Report-Release.aspx

British Airways Performance Analysis Assignment - 1

British Airways Performance Analysis - Assignment Example The above ratios reveal the comparative performance of BA for the two years under consideration. Profitability- wise operating profit ratio has registered a commendable performance in 2008 as compared to 2007. In fact ‘the operating profit margin measures the percentage of each sales dollar remaining after all cost other than interest, taxes, and preferred stock dividend are deducted. It represents pure profits earned on each dollar.†(Lawrence J Gitman, page 67) The performance of BA has been excellent raising its operating profit ratio from 7.09% in 2007 to 10% in 2008 despite the fact that the rise in revenue is merely 3%. In the year 2007 total revenue was  £ 8492m and that has risen only to  £ 8753m. The extremely good profitability performance is again corroborated by the fact that return on equity has gone up from a mere 8.39% to 21.74%. Such a large increase in return on equity is remarkable when the total equity has risen from  £ 2411m in 2007 to  £ 3233m. Overall BA has performed extremely well on profitability front. Liquidity has been a problem for BA in both years. Liquidity reflects the short term solvency situation of a company. Liquidity position provides an idea about whether the company is in a position to meet its short term obligations when those become due. Liquidity of a company is aptly reflected by its current ratio. The current ratio of 2:1 is considered optimum for any industry, but this standard again differs from industry to industry. BA has a current ratio of 0.95: 1 in 2007 and 0.97:1 in 2008. By any standard, the current ratio is much lower than the required standard. BA is facing a liquidity crunch and if it continues like this BA might face difficulties in meeting its short term obligations. Current ratio change in 2008 when compared to 2007 is not even noticeable. The contributing major factors to the deteriorating the liquid position of BA are current interest-bearing deposits that have depleted from  £ 1642m in 2007 to  £ 1181m in 2008. Liquidity is certainly a cause of concern for BA.  

The great gatsby Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The great gatsby - Movie Review Example The important credits of the American Dream as presented in the novel are hope and perseverance and aspiration for success facing all difficult challenges. To be ambitious and work hard with an unquenchable thirst about adventurous life! Jay Gatsby is supposed to pursue all these qualities and he is the main character in the novel representing American Dream. He is fired by the everlasting hope and craves to win Daisy’s love in tandem with the spirit of the American Dream. A pre-decided goal and the relentless pursuit of that goal! His introduction in the novel is dramatic and the author describes it thus: "†¦[with] his hands in his pockets†¦ out to determine what share was his of our local heavens †¦.he [Gatsby] stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way,†¦ he was trembling. Involuntarily I glanced seaward-and distinguished nothing except a single green light, minute and far away, that might have been the end of a dock" (Fitzgerald 21). The restless spirit of Gatsby is evident in this description. The green light is the symbol for his intense desire to possess Daisy, craze for money and he is not satisfied with his present possessions; he craves to achieve and accumulate more. But what is the reality? Nick describes it and argues that the green light is the symbol for success that he is anticipating in the future, by further accelerating the efforts. Undoubtedly, Gatsby’s goal provides him with a direction in life, but in his aggression to move forward he has no time to pause, review or look backward. He chases his dream of securing eternal company with Daisy and, subsequently, he waits patiently for a long time near her house but she has abandoned him. In his effort to emulate the modern face of the American Dream, he has lost touch with the pure, original American Dream. Loss of ethical values is the cause for the shattering of the

Yesterday's Thinking and Organizational Disabilities Part II Assignment

Yesterday's Thinking and Organizational Disabilities Part II - Assignment Example gs, an alternative to your findings I would recommend is the need to ensure that the formation of structure to carry out implementation processes is done in such as a way that reflect the very climate and culture of the organization. This way, it will be easier for the members to incorporate well into the structure. From your post, I get the impression that Garden Way Inc. could not become the organization it wanted to become due to poor planning and lack of in-house competency development. This is because in the first place, the organization over elaborated with what it wanted to achieve by wanting to grow big overnight. As an alternative, the company could have been systematic with its approach of expansion as system thinking allows for systematic implementation of processes (Atwater and Pittman, 2006). What is more, the fact that the company depended so much on outsourcing took control out of the management, even though system thinking demands close monitoring (Senge, 2006). Compared to my own findings, I believe that if the company had depended more on the development of competencies of its in-house staff, the bankruptcy situation would not have come

The Patriot Act Impact on Law Enforcement Research Paper

The Patriot Act Impact on Law Enforcement - Research Paper Example Law enforcement is an integral part of ensuring the security of the US public is restored. This is because they are responsible for enforcing the policies recommended to restore the security of the country after this attack. The correction system also plays a crucial role in ensuring the security of a country is maintained. The security of citizens of a country is high up on the priority list of any nation. This is not any different for the US. After the devastating attacks of September 11, the American government was made to realize that measures needed to be taken to make certain that a repeat of the attacks does not occur on American soil. In order to restore security and treasure that the American public of their security, President George W. Bush signed an act into law that would significantly influence the security policies of the country. The patriot act was created in order to ensure that the intelligence community and law enforcement agencies were empowered by law, to combat acts of terror rather than be held back by it. The act reduced the restrictions that affected the intelligence agencies while gathering information on terrorist threats against the US. The act also expanded the mandate of the secretary in the treasury department to have the authority to have power over the financial transac tions, mostly those that involved individuals from foreign nationalities, and entities in order to make it difficult for terrorism to be funded within US soil. The act also aimed to strengthen its border security and control immigration to prevent the percolation of terrorists into the country (Bailie, 2012). They empowered the immigration authority to detain entrants who were suspected of having any link to terrorism. The authorities were also allowed to deport the individuals who could pose a terrorist threat to the country. This provision will ensure that terrorist elements a rode from the American population ensuring their safety.  

Organizational Philosophies and Technology Paper Essay - 1

Organizational Philosophies and Technology Paper - Essay Example Setting and Managing Ethical Standards with Technology Technology is a body of knowledge organizations can use to create tools and develop skills using scientific method and material to meet an objective or solve a problem (National Institute of Health, 2011). The Diagram below illustrates the flow of technology and its use in solving problems within the organization: Diagram 1: Retrieved from http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih4/technology/guide/lesson1.htmeferences Ethical issues such as trust, privacy, and the reliability of information formerly were the primary focus in discussions about ethics, however with the introduction of emerging technologies into the organizational culture new ethical issues are evolving. The discussion of ethics and technology is not merely one in which human beings are susceptible or tempted to act unethical or illegally, but is one focused on the new organizational environment emerging between human beings and robots that is creating conce rn (Santana, Vaccaro & Wood, 2010, pp. 662-663). Santana et al. make the observation that the new informational virtual environments are creating new kinds of interaction resulting in the possibility of higher risks of ethical breaches within the organization. The process of networking systems of technologies into the organizational culture directly affects behavior influencing organizational design (Santana et al., 2010). Organizations philosophies now must take into account macro-ethics that include animate, inanimate, and informational entities (Santana, Vaccaro & Wood, 2010, pp. 661-663). The new ethical environmental dimensions created by technology are changing. The environments of living and physical things including informational objects such as intelligent software, artificial agents, and robots are requiring leaders to analyze their organizational structural design and internal processes. Santana et al. uses the example of the informational exchange between human beings an d robots or â€Å"virtual entities† in which human behavior and activities are affected by decisions made by machines. As an example take for instance a supply chain system in which a machines make the decision to order supplies or materials then issues instructions to human workers to process the request (Santana et al., 2010, p. 662); the ethical issue is not that a machine made the decision but one of who should take responsibility for making the decision in the event the order is incorrect. The human response is one in which he or she simply was following the instructions and therein is the ethical issue. Scholars question how to draw the lines of responsibility in the new environments and who should make the decision to implement the boundaries created that are affecting the relational interaction between humans and machines. Shaping Organizational Culture with Technology One of the primary challenges of implementing a technology strategy into a culture is how to network the various work units, systems, and communication processes within the organizational structure. The use of technology requires a system of networks to enable organizations to connect multiple layers of knowledge and information for vertical alignment and horizontal consistency (Barrette, 2005, pp. 221-223). As a noun, â€Å"

International Relations Theory Human Rights Formal Term Paper

International Relations Theory Human Rights Formal - Term Paper Example These instruments set universal standards against which national governments and individuals alike can measure their own compliance and compare it to that of others. Even when there is disagreement over the precise meaning, nature or scope of a particular human right, the fact that such dialogue exists at all demonstrates the widespread recognition of, and concern for, fundamental universal human rights. According to Conlon in 2004, human rights were among the more powerful ideas to emerge from the U.N. Charter along with peace, national self-determination, and development. After the drafting and adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, to which all the countries of the world subscribe, at least rhetorically, the modern international human rights system developed slowly within the constraints of the Cold War. While there remains much to celebrate about the Universal Declaration and collateral human rights treaties, there have also been substantial complications in managing the political organization of such international obligations. Within the U.N., until the 1980s, the issue of human rights was essentially an ideological football, kicked back and forth in a match between West and East (Schwarz, 2004). Western players prioritized political and civil rights and their Eastern counterparts (usually backed up by southern reserves) economic and social rights. The divide was part of Cold War competition, which left little room for the possibility of joint promotion.Nevertheless, a wide range of international norms has been enshrined in legally binding international human rights instruments, and in a growing web of customary international law. Protections were established by treaty for those subjected to torture, for victims of racial discrimination, for children, and for women (Conlon, 2004). As neither the United States nor the Soviet Union deferred fully to this system during the Cold War, the protection of human rights remained more nominal than actual. The sovereign prerogatives of the superpowers trumped rights enforcement, with the U.N. system accepting non-compliance on many occasions. At present, the most promising avenues for the immediate actualization of global justice involve sensitive adjustments to variations of state and society makeup, as in the numerous peace, reconciliation, and accountability procedures established in a number of countries (Gandhi, 2000). Also encouraging are various collaborations between transnational social forces and those governments that are more value-oriented and sensitive to the claims of global justice, as opposed to those that define their role according to the maximization of power, wealth, and influence.

Reduce and Address the Issue on Gang Violence in Chicago Research Paper

Reduce and Address the Issue on Gang Violence in Chicago - Research Paper Example From the report it is clear that  gang violence has reduced both in low and high crime areas, there remain regions where violent crime rate is stile unacceptably high. Some of the gangs specialize in expressive violence while others specialize in instrumental violence.  This discussion stresses that Chicago registered the most murders than any other city in America. The rising homicide rate is attributed to the influx of illegal guns and gang violence. Gang violence is connected to disputes and turf wars and it seems that the problem largely affects the geographically and socially isolated neighborhoods. The incidences of gang violence mainly affect those living in the West and the South sides of the city. Although incidences of gang violence have declined considerably, the city is faring badly compared to other gang-infested cities such as Los Angeles and New York. This paper examines the history, prevalence and the solutions to the problem of gang violence in the Chicago city. The paper also examines how gang violence can be reduced through follow-up re-entry programs and community prosecution strategies.  The origin of gangs can be traced to the East Coast in 1820s and thereafter, in the Midwestern regions including Chicago and Los Angeles. The problem of gang violence in the United States is as old as humanity itself. The New York City is considered as a haven of the gangs in the country, and the emergence of gang-like groups began in late 1700s.

Combine Analysis of a Rose for Emily Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Combine Analysis of a Rose for Emily - Essay Example Similarly Faulkner also incorporates this theme in order to depict the bitter reality of human beings who are on their way to destruction as the writer believes that human existence is now devoid of emotions and feeling where man is living a mechanical existence and waiting for the ultimate escape i.e. death as it is also observed that the story commences with the funeral of Emily and ends with the death of Homer. Moreover this can also be deduced from the description of Emily in the story as it describes Emily as a living dead creature i.e. although she is alive yet she is hollow or empty on the inside hence she is almost dead. As it is also stated in the text, â€Å"She looked bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that pallid hue. Her eyes, lost in the fatty ridges of her face, looked like two small pieces of coal pressed into a lump of dough† (Faulkner 14). Theme of death also stresses on the reality of life that this world is a temporary place and ultimately everything is going to collapse and meet its end. The theme of isolation in this prose is indirectly linked with theme of death and decay as Harold Bloom also says, â€Å"Emily is isolated from the community. Her isolation is so thorough that she does not or can not have a suitor from Jefferson†¦ her isolation eventually grows to resemble a living dead in which her closest companion is a corpse† (90). This theme also depicts the irony of human existence i.e. although an individual is surrounded by people yet he is alone. As it is inferred from Emily’s situation who has lived all her life in Jefferson yet the people of that community are strangers for her. Even her cousins are not a source of comfort and support. Hence it shows that every individual in this world is living a selfish and isolated existence. Love is defined as an intense emotion that leads an individual to behave irrationally as it blinds him to all logic and reasoning. A similar case is observed in A Rose for Emily because her actions of keeping the dead body of Homer can be interpreted as an act of desperation on Emily’s part and also reveals her insecurities about being left alone. Hence she finds solace in keeping Homer’s dead body and sleeping with his corpse. Bloom also believes that, â€Å"while it may be an unconventional one â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a love story. The revelation that Emily has slept beside Homer Barron’s corpse for 40 years let us know that his killing was motivated more by love than some other reason such as pride or revenge† (90). 2. Symbolism Faulkner’s use of symbolism acts as a tool of foreshadowing and helps in the development of the plot. Initially the ‘Rose’ in the title suggests love as it is a cliche that a rose is a symbol of love and affection. However it is later revealed to the readers that the rose is either the symbolic representation of Emily’s irrational love a nd affection for Homer that led her to kill him and keep him with her or Emily’s Father’s love for her daughter that made him believe that no one was good enough for his daughter and hence he decided his daughter was better off alone rather than married. The description of

Establishment Notions of Englishness Essay Example for Free

Establishment Notions of Englishness Essay In what ways did the iconography, the music, the lyrics and the performances and behaviour of punk rock acts present a challenge to ‘establishment notions of Englishness’ in 1976-77? The early roots of Punk rock were appearing in the form of The Velvet Underground in 1965, closely followed by The Stooges and MC5 in 1969, but it wasn’t until the early 1970s that punk began to globalise, hitting Australia in 1972 with The Saints. Within a year, legendary Punk club CBGB’s opened it’s doors for the first time, becoming a constant dwelling for the up and coming acts of the 70’s, and more importantly, providing a regular crowd of punk kids to listen to them. Britain in the early 70s, according to Spicer, was filled with ‘political frustration, surging unemployment and a gag-reflex to the patriotic froth generated by in celebration of Queen Elizabeth’s Silver Jubilee, giving punk’s raw noise a particular spice and vigour. The UK had either been in decline, recession, stagflation or worse since the end of the swinging sixties.’ (Spicer, 2006: 3). ‘Eight years later when the idealism of the 60s had well and truly faded, the strategies and rhetoric of street protest were still going strong. So when mainstream politics wouldn’t even listen to what was driving the kids insane, the Sex Pistols’ cry of â€Å"Anarchy in the UK† seemed like a viable alternative.’ (Spicer, 2006: 5) ‘Punk came with a philosophy that was influenced by the anti-establishment turmoil reverberating from the 60’s.’ (Spicer, 2006, Page 4), so in a time when the youths of Britain were so ignored and undervalued as a part of society, it seemed like a natural outlet to make the government and the authorities stand up and take notice of what they were saying. Renowned Manchester based punk journalist and singer John Robb stated that ‘Punk Terrified the establishment’ (Robb, 2006: 3), suggesting this outcry for non-conformism was having an impact and the message of challenging the government was being heard. Despite this, however, critics are still divided about whether the punk phenomenon was in fact a significant cultural shift. ‘Was it just another youth craze (with a hairstyle calculated to drive the parents crazy), or did it offer a real challenge to the  complacency of the times? A Challenge that was more than just musical and sartorial, but p olitical as well?’ (Spicer, 2006: 2). Hebdige stated that ‘the punks were not only directly responding to increasing joblessness, changing moral standards, the rediscovery of poverty, the Depression, etc., they were dramatizing what had come to be called â€Å"Britain’s decline† by constructing a language which was, in contrast to the prevailing rhetoric of the Rock Establishment, unmistakeably relevant and down to earth (hence the swearing, the references to â€Å"fat hippies‟, the rags, the lumpen poses). The punks appropriated the rhetoric of crisis which had filled the airwaves and the editorials throughout the period and translated it into tangible (and visible) terms’ (1991: 87). A significant part of the construction of the punk rock movement in the British media was the fashion of the stars, which was later emulated by the fans, with the iconic style quickly becoming a obligatory staple of â€Å"being punk†. According to Paul Gorman, speaking in Punk: The Whole Story, ‘Almost every element of punk’s style, attitude, politics, musical tastes and even personnel emanated from two tiny clothes shops on Chelsea’s King’s Road 30 years ago.’ (2006: 84) These two shops were Acme Attractions and SEX, both in London. Don Letts, ex-employee of Acme, and later member of Big Audio Dynamite said in Punk: The Whole Story, ‘Acme was more than a shop. It was a club, a lifestyle, a forum for talent. It reflected the way London was going – it was about multi-culturism’ (2006: 84). I think this really exemplifies the importance of the fashion and self-representation of the punk movement, even at the beginning. Robb recalls, ‘I saw photos of punk rockers in the papers, and I knew instantly what they sounded like. Never had a music and its threads been so closely associated’ (2006: 2). Hebdige also observed, ‘The various stylistic ensembles adopted by the punks were undoubtedly expressive of genuine aggression, frustration and anxiety. But these statements, no matter how strangely constructed, were cast in a language which was generally available – a language which was current’ (1991: 87). I feel this rings true in a big way, especially when you contrast another artist of ’74 with the way, for example, the Sex Pistols presented themselves. In image one, we see the Sex Pistols wearing typical punk style  clothing, however, in image 2, The Who, another British band making music in 1974, are seen to be sporting a much more reserved fashion, that could be classed as smart/casual, due to the tailored trousers, tucked in shirts and sports jackets, and even be called patriotic, with the presence of a union flag jacket. In contrast, while the Sex Pistols are also wearing union flag attire, however, it seems to be done so in a satirical, ironic way. The flag is cut into and is covered in holes, which could suggest the way that the punk youth saw the state of the government, or at least what they thought of it. Similarly, there is also a sports jacket being worn, however, it is teamed with a punk print T-shirt, which could easily be seen as a rebellion against the notion of looking presentable and dressing in your Sunday best. Ruth Adams discusses Hebdige’s notion of punk fashion being a bricolage, and states ‘Bits and pieces of both officially sanctioned and popular English culture, of politics and history were brought together in a chaotic, uneasy admixture to form a new culture’ (2008). I feel this accurately describes the way punk took what it wanted from English culture and used it as a way to challenge the established notions of â€Å"Englishness†. Icons such as swastikas were often wore as a fashion statement , however, ‘for punks like Siouxsie and Sid Vicious it became just one more ingredient in the imagery of offence – not devoid of meaning, but mainly a way of getting up the noses of the straight and the narrow’ (Spicer, 2006: 4). You can imagine that this explicit and in your face approach to fashion and iconography would starkly contrast with the dreary fashion of the 70’s. Spicer states that ‘as the decade that saw beige, brown, orange and gold recommended as a desirable colour scheme for the home, the 70’s had little going for it stylistically either’ (2006: 3). I feel that this contrast in style would have made punks even harder to ignore, insuring that someone was always looking at them and listening to what they had to say. ‘Punk rock lyrics are typically frank and confrontational; compared to the lyrics of other popular music genres, they frequently comment on social and political issues’ (Laing, 1985: 27). An obvious example of this would be â€Å"God Save The Queen† by the Sex Pistols (1977, Sex Pistols). At the time of  release, the song was highly controversial, mainly for the fact it was explicitly ‘anti-monarchy’, implying that the Queen was a part of a fascist regime, as shown by the lyrics ‘God save the queen, the fascist regime’, and also for quite blatantly writing England off as being bleak and without any hope, shown in the lyrics ‘There is no hope in England’s dreaming’ and ‘There’s no future, no future, no future for you’. This contrasted significantly with the jingoistic ideals that were being put forward in the wake of the Queen’s silver jubilee. Savage stated, ‘â€Å"God Save the Queen† was the only serious anti-Jubilee protest, the only rallying call for those who didn’t agree with the Jubilee because [†¦] they resented being steamrollered by such sickening hype, by a view of England which had not the remotest bearing on their everyday experience’ (2001: 352-353). Laing speculated that ‘Punk was a total cultural revolt. It was a hardcore confrontation with the black side of history and culture, right-wing imagery, sexual taboos, a delving into it that had never been done before by any generation in such a thorough way’ (1985: 27). I feel this really sums up the ideology at play with ‘God Save The Queen’, as it was a total revolt of the dominant ideology at the time it was released. Punk rock is not known for its musical ingenuity, its creativity, or even its skill. John Robb described punks as ‘The DIY brigade fumbling with musical instruments, trying to make sense of the world with three chords learned last week on second hand guitars’ (2006, Page 3). I feel this expresses the rebelling of the establishment in a way that goes above lyrics or fashion. Here we can see that punk was not about pleasing people or making everyone happy, it was about doing what you wanted because you could, and not caring if people liked it or not. This directly challenged the English ideology of the 1970s, which was predominantly all about keeping a stiff upper lip, being polite, and being, for lack of a better word, nice. Rock journalist Caroline Coon wrote about the Sex Pistols live performances, stating that ‘participation is the operative word. The audience revels in the idea that any one of them could get up on stage and do just as well, if not better than the bands already up there’ (1982: 98). This again draws on the angry, challenging, do-it-yourself attitude attached to the punk genre. Machin describes the discourse of the melody of â€Å"God Save The Queen† by the Sex Pistols in a way that epitomises the ideology of the genre. ‘Here [image 3] we can see that much of the melody remains on the first note. There is therefore very little outward giving of emotion or positive energy. This means that there is something very contained about the way it is sung. In fact, the vocalist sings the song generally at a high pitch which conveys emotional intensity. Yet in this intensity there is no emotional outpouring or pleasure. There are only short sharp occasional outbursts on the 4th note. This is fitting of the punk discourse of nihilism and cynicism.’ (Machin, 2010: 105) Philip Auslander proclaimed that ‘we may not usually think of musical performance, apart from opera and musical theatre, as entailing characterisation in the conventional dramatic sense. Nevertheless, we must be suspicious of any supposition that musicians are simply ‘being themselves’ on stage’ (2004: 6). Auslander goes on to quote Frith, who states that musicians are ‘involved in a process of double enactment: they enact both a star personality (their image) and a song personality, the role that each lyric requires, and the pop star’s art is to keep both acts in play at once’(2004: 6). I feel that this observation directly applies to the punk rock era, as it exemplifies the explicit and hyperbolic style of the genre. This can be exemplified by Sex Pistols front man, John Lydon (aka Johnny Rotten). In the public eye he is an anarchist punk rebel who is not scared to speak his mind and does not care who he offends, however in real life he is a man who was bullied as a boy for having an English accent while at his grandparents’ home in Cork, Ireland. This performance persona is a prime example of the way that punk challenged the notion of Englishness, as everything about â€Å"Johnny Rotten† was anti-establishment. This is typified with the quote from Rotten himself, stating Id listen to rock n roll, but I had no respect for it. It was redundant and had nothing to do with anything relevant†. Here, he is dismissing everything that already exists in England as not being relevant or influencing him in any way, suggesting that he was the change that England needed. Auslander later goes on to discuss that ‘both the line between real person  and performance persona and the line between persona and character may be blurry and indistinct, especially in the case of pop music performers whose work is heavily autobiographical’ (2004: 7). Again, I think this is extremely relevant to the analysis of the performance of John Lydon as Johnny Rotten, as punks felt this allegiance with him through his work as he was them while he was on stage. He was also a working class, angry young person with no money who resented the royal family and the government. Al Spicer asked the question, ‘was it just another youth craze (with a hairstyle calculated to drive the parents crazy), or did it offer real challenge to the complacency of the times?’ (2006: 2) and I think the answer to this would have to be that they really did challenge the system, in every possible way. Punk as a movement intended to shock and defy the norm of 1970s England, to rebel against the complacent and austere ideals of the time and radically confront the patriotic notions of Englishness put forward by the royal Jubilee, and I think that they succeeded. Instead of merely writing protest songs, punk bands were a protest. Every fibre of their existence protested, whether it was scandalous lyrics, deplorable fashion choices or unrestrained, extroverted stage personas who would say what they thought, and never care about the repercussions. Punk was one vast protest across England and the notion of English ideals. Bibliography Machin, David. (2010) Analysing Popular Music: Image, Sound, Text, London: Sage. Spicer, Al. (2006) A Rough Guide To Punk, London: Rough Guides. Blake, Mark (Editor) (2006) Punk; The Whole Story, London: Dorling Kindersley. Sabin, Roger (Editor) (1999) Punk Rock, So What?, London: Routledge. Robb, John (2006) Punk Rock; An Oral History, London: Elbury Press. Adams, Ruth (2008) â€Å"The Englishness of English Punk: Sex Pistols, Subcultures and Nostalgia.†Popular Music and Society, 31.4, P. 469–488. Hebdige, Dick (1991) Subculture: The Meaning of Style. London: Routledge. Savage, Jon (2001) England’s Dreaming: Sex Pistols and Punk Rock, London: Faber Faber. Laing, Dave (1985) One chord wonders: power and meaning in punk rock, Milton Keynes: Open University. Auslander, Philip (2004) Contemporary Theatre Review, Vol. 14, London: Routledge. Boyd, Brian (2010), The Making of a Rotten Public Image, The Irish Times: 08 Aug 2010 Issue. Coon, Caroline (1982) The New Wave Punk Rock Explosion, London: Omnibus Press. IMAGE 1: http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2008/12/30/1230675664257/Sex-Pistols-in-1978-001.jpg IMAGE 2: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJkwg9s6uEmLs0nBcbJ6UAlakKxG7oL-Bjr0ABEqNyIBjFlyYiPxglF-leaampc-jiuTf7SuJXPD4gRfWx63Yh4a05mBWSm-x-g1ji0eTvi2biqCBHC8bG3Ncs8E974o_hKskMXAO8bgI/s1600/The+Who.jpg IMAGE 3: Machin, David. (2010) Analysing Popular Music: Image, Sound, Text, London: Sage. Page 104.

Christianity vs. Mythology Essay Example for Free

Christianity vs. Mythology Essay For many centuries, ancient Greek mythology has played an instrumental role in the development and foundation of all societies. The ancient myths formed through Greek Mythology has given meaning to the world people saw around them and helped answer perplexing questions such as, Who made the world? How will it end? Who was the first man? Where do souls go after death?. In fact, Greek mythology has provided meaning to people and the world around them in the same way Christianity and Judaism does. Greek mythology can relate to Christianity and Judaism such that they all were based off oral tradition, they have helped mankind develop a community that shares a common world view through moral way of life, and they all respond to our quest for wonder, the mystical and the unknown. Nonetheless, it is necessary to try and understand that both Ancient Greeks and Ancient Christians may have held similar beliefs about the world they were living in. In ancient Mythology, although there were no written texts that presented the several myths and stories such as the Christian Bible or the Hebrew Torah, the earliest Greek myths were part of an oral tradition. Ancient Greek myths, in their unknown beginnings, are believed to have been formed and passed on by oral tradition, meaning the myths originated from story-telling. The spread of Greek myths can relate to the early spread of Christianity and Judaism in the respect that the stories in the Bible and the Torah were stories about the sayings and acts of Jesus as told by story tellers long before they were ever recorded into a written text. Greek mythology, Christianity and Judaism are also similar such that they all teach a moral way of life and help mankind share a common world view. Almost all ancient Greek myths were constructed to teach some sort of lesson or moral, for example, in the story of Arachne. In the story, Arachne expressed extreme pride in her weaving skills; in Ancient Greece, having too much pride was considered a very unfavorable quality to acquire. Arachne believed her weaving abilities were far more superior than that of Athenas, the goddess of weaving, so she challenged her to a weaving contest. In the end, Arachnes skills did not even compare to Athenas and Athena turned her into a spider. The story teaches that excessive pride and having a big ego is not considered acceptable if one wants to like a purely moral life. Like Greek mythology, Judaism and Christianity also strive to teach mankind how to live a fulfilling, moral life through the Ten Commandments. The Ten Commandments in Judaism and Christianity are a set of laws that God gave to the people of Israel that represent the main moral code of behavior every person should try to follow in order to live a spiritually pure and moral life. Finally, Greek mythology, Christianity and Judaism are similar because they all attempt to answer our perplexing questions and wonders about the world we live in. For instance, one similarity lies with the stories of creation; The story of Pandoras Box in Greek mythology and the Book of Genesis in Judaism and Christianity. In the story of Pandoras Box, Pandora was the first woman created and she was given a box by the Gods that she was told to never open. In the end, her curiosity overcame her, she opened the box and out came all the evils of the world. The story in the Book of Genesis is very similar- God created Adam and Eve and commanded them not to eat the fruit from the forbidden tree. Eventually, a serpent appeared to Eve and convinced her to eat the forbidden fruit. She persuaded her partner, Adam, to eat the fruit also and as a result, sin engulfed the world. The ancient Greeks and early Christians tried to find an explanation for the evil in the world, and both blame a woman for mankind’s downfall.

Law Essays Admissible Criminal Evidence

Law Essays Admissible Criminal Evidence Admissible Criminal Evidence It matters not how you get it; if you steal it even, it would be admissible in evidence [per Justice Crompton in R v Leatham 1861] Discuss When considering the above statement it is necessary to examine legislation with regard to the admissibility of evidence. The starting point is to look at section 78 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 which allows the court discretion to exclude any evidence they deem to have been unfairly obtained. There have been several cases where the issue of illegally obtained material has been considered. This paper proposes to examine the cases where judges have both exercised their discretion and excluded the evidence as well as the times when such evidence has been allowed. Within this framework consideration will be given of the factors that judges have taken into account when deciding whether or not to exclude such evidence. This will involve looking at policy issues in relation to the use of illegally obtained evidence in order to reach a conclusion as to whether in general terms the courts will opt to include or exclude such evidence. In reaching a decision as to the uniformity of the application of this discretion consideration will be given to whether changes that have occurred with regard to the rights of the suspect under the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 have impacted on the admissibility of such evidence. Although there have been many changes in the law with regard to the use of evidence that has been illegally obtained many judges still use the case of R v Sang [1980] as a yardstick by which to measure whether evidence such be excluded. In this case Lord Diplock commented that (1) A trial judge in a criminal trial has always a discretion to refuse to admit evidence if in his opinion its prejudicial effect outweighs its probative value. (2) Save with regard to admissions and confessions and generally with regard to evidence obtained from the accused after commission of the offence, he has no discretion to refuse to admit relevant admissible evidence on the ground that it was obtained by improper or unfair means.(at p 437) In this case the court following the comments made by Lord Diplock concluded that the judge would have no power to exclude the evidence on the basis that it had been obtained through the use of an agent provocateur. In many ways the decision whether or not to exclude illegally obtained evidence seems to centre on fairness. Sang remains as an authority of the rules on the exclusion of evidence as was demonstrated in the case of R v Nadir [1993] where Lord Taylor CJ said that if a judge considers evidence the Crown wish to lead would have an adverse effect on the fairness of the trial, he can exclude it under s 78 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984.He also has a general discretion to exclude evidence which was preserved by s.82(3) of the 1984 Act which would allow the judge to exclude evidence he considers more prejudicial than probative. In the later case of R v Khan [1994] 4 All ER 426, Lord Taylor seemed to change his opinion of the use of Sang as an authority stating that Since, on any view, the discretion conferred on the judge by s 78 is at least as wide as that identified in R v Sang it is only necessary to consider the question of the exercise of discretion under s 78 which is what the judge did. In general terms although the judge has the discretion to be able to rule the evidence as inadmissible it is more common for the courts to allow the evidence to be adduced. Many judges are of the opinion that the effect of s78 does not make very much difference to the cases brought before the court as most judges seem to decide in favour of inclusion rather then exclusion of such evidence as was the case of R v Mason [1987] and in the subsequent case of R v Samuel [1988]. Mason was later quashed on appeal when it was discovered that the only real evidence against the defendant was the confession and that this had been obtained by telling the defendant that his fingerprints had been found in glass near the scene, which was totally untrue. This decision was reached on the basis of interpretation of s78 where it was considered that there was bad faith and impropriety on the part of the police. A similar decision was reached in the case of Matto v DPP [1987]where the officers persuaded the defendant to undergo a breath test despite the fact that they were conducting the test under circumstances in which they were not entitled to do so. The conviction was quashed with the judge stating that the bad faith of the officers in carrying out the test when they knew they were not entitled to had tainted the case as a whole. This case was distinguished from the case of Fox v Gwent [1986] as in this case the officers were not aware that they were acting outside of there powers. A further case where the court have ruled that the police were not acting in bad faith was the case of R v Alladice [1988] in which the defendant confessed and the confession was allowed to be admitted to the court despite the fact that the police had wrongly refused to allow the defendant access to a solicitor. From all of the above it would seem that the court will only regard the police as acting in bad faith if there is clear evidence that the police deliberately deceived the defendant. There are of course exceptions where the action of the officers was questionable and the courts have still deemed the evidence to be admissible as was the case in R v Christou [1992]. In this case undercover police officers set up a shop were they were supposedly selling jewellery. All transactions in the shop were secretly recorded which led to the arrest of the defendant for dealing with stolen goods and making incriminating statements. The judge held that the police had not incited the offences and there had been no unfairness in their conduct. In the case of R v Smurthwaite and Gill [1994] the officers posed as contract killers and recorded conversations with the defendants who were attempting to hire the services of a contract killer to murder their spouses. The court regarded the officers as agent provocateurs but held that the officers had not incited the defendants to kill their spouses and therefore the evidence was admissible. In this case the judge stated that the fact that the evidence has been obtained by entrapment, or by an agent provocateur, or by a trick, does not of itself require the judge to exclude it. If, however, he considers that in all the circumstances the obtaining of the evidence in that way would have the adverse effect described in the statute, then he will exclude it. In some instances evidence that has been obtained through impropriety has been excluded. Impropriety can occur were there has been a breach of criminal law or a breach of PACE. This was held to be the case in R v Khan [1994] where surveillance devices had been placed on the premises of the suspect. It was argued that the placing of the equipment on the premises amounted to trespass by the police. The court however allowed the evidence to be admitted and the defendant was convicted. In cases where impropriety is alleged most of these cases centre on the admissibility of confessions or incriminating statements. The reliability and admissibility of confessions is governed by s76 of PACE. The most common impropriety is the denial of access to legal representation. The failure to contemporaneously record interviews has also been a problem in the past. One such case where the defendant was denied access to a solicitor was R v Samuel [1988]in which the defendant was arrested for burglary and after having been charged with one offence of burglary was denied access to a solicitor during which time he was interviewed again and confessed to a robbery. At the appeal the court held that the denial of the right to consult with a solicitor was a breach of s58 of PACE and of the Code of Practice on Detention and Questioning. As the judge had failed to exclude the confession at the original hearing the conviction for robbery was ordered to be quashed. The appeal court stated that even if the confession was reliable the breach of s58 rendered the confession as unfair. Within the criminal justice system the gaining of evidence illegally is classed as one of the exclusionary rules where evidence is suppressed or defendant’s rights are violated. Bentham (1827) argued that if you ‘exclude evidence you exclude justice’ He further argued that the solution to the problem was not to deprive the jurors of the evidence but to instruct them about the dangers presented by the evidence and allow the jury to decide for themselves whether to believe the evidence presented to them. Bentham stated that it was rather a contradiction for the court to declare their confidence in the decision of the jury whilst at the same time withholding evidence from that jury for fear of them reaching the wrong conclusion. Bentham stated that If there be one business that belongs to a jury more particularly than another, it is, one should think, the judging of the probability of evidence: if they are not fit to be trusted with this, not even with the benefit of the judge’s assistance and advice, what is it they are fit to be trusted with? Better trust them with nothing at all, and do without them altogether Bentham felt that exclusionary rules are â€Å"insults offered by the author of each rule to the understanding of those whose hands are expected to be tied by it.† He stated that relevant evidence should only be excluded when there was a risk of an inaccurate verdict without the use of the evidence. He went on to advocate ‘the abolition of all formal rules and a return to a ‘natural’ system of free proof, based on everyday experience and common-sense reasoning’. In the case of R v Kearley [1992] the House of Lords held that the evidence of telephone calls and visitor’s to the defendant’s house where they were asking for drugs was irrelevant or inadmissible as hearsay evidence. The primary evidence in this case came from two witnesses who had given evidence stating that the defendants were engaged in the sale of heroin. In this case the persons that came to the house or telephoned dealt with the police who were occupying the house at the time. The evidence of those that had rang or had come to the house could only be used as hearsay evidence as there was no way of getting the persons to give direct evidence to the court. Initially the defendant was found guilty but this was overturned on appeal on the grounds that the judge should have directed the jury of the inferences that could be drawn from the evidence. The court stated that the defendants could not be found guilty on the basis of their association with the people who had rang or called at the house. As with criminal law evidence can also be excluded in civil law cases under Civil Procedure Rules 32.1, though such exclusion is rare as the burden of proof in civil cases is significantly less then for criminal trials. Choo (1989) argued that there are three possible rationales for the exclusion of evidence, these being compensation, deterrence and repute. Choo (1993) stated that judicial legitimacy was the most satisfactory basis for the exclusion of evidence. Ashworth (1977) disagreed with this stating that exclusion was on the basis of discipline, reliability and protection. Hunter (1994) agreed with this stating that discipline is similar to deterrence. One of the main reasons for excluding evidence is on the basis of reliability. Where the reliability of the evidence is in question the courts will frequently opt to exclude the evidence from the proceedings. Bentham (1827) suggests that there is no need for total exclusion and that so long as a caution is issued with the presentation of the evidence the jury should be entitled to hear that evidence. Choo (1989) believes that allowing the evidence to be disclosed to the jury when such evidence could be unreliable is an ‘infringement’ of the rights of the defendant. Choo states that such evidence should be excluded if it admission would have such an adverse affect on the fairness of the proceedings that the court ought not to admit it. From the above it can be concluded that the rules regarding the use of illegally obtained evidence are not uniformly applied. In some instances the court will exclude such evidence from the jury whilst in other cases the evidence will be admitted. It is clear from s78 that evidence that has been illegally obtained can still be submitted to the court if it can be proven to be reliable or if an unfair result would be achieved if the evidence where not presented to the court. The courts seem to place emphasis on the notion of fairness as fair play. This is applicable both in deciding whether to allow the evidence to be heard or whether the evidence should be withheld from the jury. BIBLIOGRAPHY Allen, C, Practical Guide to Evidence, 2nd Ed, 2001, Cavendish Publishing Ashworth, A (1977) ‘Excluding Evidence as Protecting Rights’ [1977] Criminal Law Review 723 Ashworth, A and Blake, M The presumption of innocence in English law [1996] Crim LR 306 E Bentham, J, Rationale of Judicial Evidence 15-16 (1827), London Choo, A Mellors, M, ‘Undercover Police Operations and What the Suspect Said (or Didn’t Say), [1995] 2 Web JCLI Choo, A (1989) ‘Improperly obtained evidence: a reconsideration’ 9 Legal Studies 261 Choo, A (1993) Abuse of Process and Judicial Stays of Proceedings (Oxford: Clarendon Press) Elliott, C, Quinn, F, Criminal Law, 3rd Ed, 2000, Pearson Education Glazebrook, P R, Statutes on Criminal Law, 2001, Blackstone’s Hunter, M (1994) ‘Judicial Discretion: Section 78 in Practice’ [1994] Criminal Law Review 558 Huxley, P, O’Connell, M, Statutes on Evidence, 5th Ed, Blackstone’s Murphy, P, Blackstone’s Criminal Practice, 2002, Oxford University Press Smith. J C, The presumption of innocence (1987) NILQ 223 B Stephen, Sir JF, A Digest of the Law of Evidence, 12th Ed, 1936, Art 147

Children and How They are Affected by Divorce Essay -- Cause Effect Di

Children and How They are Affected by Divorce   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In years past, the American Dream for most young girls’ is to grow up and be married to Prince Charming and to â€Å"Live Happily Ever After!† Although this may be expected - it is rarely fulfilled. Marriage is the legal and binding union between a man and woman. Yet when couples marry, they vow to stay by their partner’s side ‘till death do us part.’ Currently that vow seems to have little or no value in today’s society. The current statistics for survival of marriage are quite grim. The divorce rate in the United States is somewhere between 50 percent and a startling 67 percent. (KSL News) One contributing factor the growing epidemic of divorce is the parting of different family members or the breakup of the family unit, as well as effect it may have upon the children or the other spouse.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the family is broken up it can lead to divorce and ultimately many negative implications. It may have effect on the mental stability as well as create even more conflict and tension between others. Research evidence has shown that marital distress and conflict within a marriage causes a wide range of negative effects on the children of the feuding spouses. Many of the effects upon the children include depression, isolations, social inadequacy, mental health issues and academic status decreases. A study conducted in 1991suggests that out of 13000 people, the children that come from a divorced family tended to have poor academic performance and displayed more behavior problems. Some American couples suggest the divorce may be a way to solve their problems quickly and perhaps, more easily, rather than taking the time to work things out through counseling and other alternatives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When divorce occurs it does not just happen between those that are married, everyone in relation to the divorcee’s are effected. This suggests a â€Å"community divorce,â€Å" and presents many other dilemmas. Community divorces contribute to conflicts between mutual friends and create tension between certain family members. More often than not, children are in the middle of the divorce and feel that it may their fault. A lot of the time, the children’s welfare is not properly taken into account. Although some situations allow for flexibility, for example: growing up in an abusive home versus the separation of two parents. Nonetheless,... ...just the separation of feelings of love between to people - it is the parting of a lifestyle and stability for the children involved. Works Cited: Amato, P. R. (1993). Children's adjustment to divorce: Theories, hypotheses, and empirical support. JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY, 55, 23-38. Amato, P.R. (1994). Life-span adjustment of children to their parents' divorce. THE FUTURE OF CHILDREN, 4, 143-164. Amato, P. R., & Keith, B. (1991). Parental divorce and the well-being of children: A  meta-analysis. PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN, 110, 26-46. Hetherington, E. M. (1993). An overview of the Virginia Longitudinal Study of Divorce and Remarriage with a focus on the early adolescent. JOURNAL OF FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY, 7, 39-56. Hughes, R., Jr. (1996) INTERNET IN - SERVICE ON CHILDREN AND DIVORCE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.hec.ohio-state.edu/famlife/divorce/index.htm, (January 8, ‘04) Landers, Ann ? (accessed on January 8, ‘04) THE EFFECTS OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN PARENTING DURING AND AFTER DIVORCE,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚ © American Responsible Divorce Network Unknown (accessed on January 8, ‘04) STEPS IN REDUCING NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN, http://www.marriage-relationships.com

Teaching and Learning Activity Assessment :: Education, Evaluation

Introduction One of key element in teaching and learning activity is assessment. There are several types of assessment. However, in the context of Aceh, most of teachers still use traditional forms of assessment, specifically summative assessment. There is critique on traditional assessment, â€Å"The critique has been based on the assumption that these forms of assessment do not support high quality of leaning associated with ‘deep’ learning, critical thinking, sustainable knowledge and lifelong learning† (Havnes & McDowell 2008). Therefore, diagnostic assessment is one form of assessment that can be used by the teachers to support high quality of learning. Diagnostic assessment aims to determine students’ prior knowledge. In order to plan the effective teaching, it is important for teacher to determine students’ prior knowledge, because the students have their own conceptions on phenomena in the world before they study in the classroom (Tytler, n.d). This essay is part of assignment in assessing learning unit (EXE733). It aims to review and discuss an example of exemplary assessment task for diagnostic assessment. Before further discussion about example of exemplary diagnostic assessment, it might be important to review the definition, purposes, types of assessment, as well as characteristics of effective assessment. Assessment Assessment derived from the Latin assessare which mean to impose a tax or set a rate (Athanasou, 1997). According to Athanasou, Assessment is â€Å"the process of collecting and combining information from test (e.g., on performance, learning, quality) with view to making a judgement about a person or making a comparison against an established criterion. Further, Satterly defined assessment as â€Å"an omnibus term which includes all the processes and products which describe the nature and extent of children’s learning, its degree of correspondence with the aims and objectives of teaching and its relationship with the environments which are designed to facilitate learning† (1989 p.3, cited in Carrol, 2005). Moreover, Rowntree (1977) said â€Å"assessment in education can be thought as occurring whenever one person, in some kind of interaction, direct or indirect with another, is conscious of obtaining and interpreting information about the knowledge and understanding o f abilities and attitudes of that other person† (p. 4, cited in Carrol, 2005). The purposes of assessment can be divided into three levels, namely: classroom level (students and teachers), school level, and system level. Firstly, at classroom level, assessment aims to provide the students with appropriate learning based on their needs, provide the students feedback that they can use to identify their next steps of learning, to develop good partnership with parents, help the teachers to plan next teaching, and guarantee continuity of education for the students (Te Kete Ipurangi, 2007).

Head Start Essay -- essays papers

Head Start Head Start and Early Head Start are comprehensive child development programs which serve children from birth to age five, pregnant woman and their extended families. They are child-focused programs that have the overall goal of increasing the school readiness of young children in low-income families. . These programs try to prepare young children intellectually, socially, emotionally and physically for their future educational and social endeavors. ( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2002).. The programs prepare the parent(s) to be supportive in the endeavor. Head Start has the philosophy that parents are a child's first and most influential teacher. The Head Start program is beneficial to early learning. In 1964, the Federal Government asked a panel of child development experts to draw up a program to help communities meet the needs of disadvantaged preschool children. The panel became the blueprint for Project Head Start (U.S. Department of Health and Human Resources, 2002). Beginning as an eight-week summer program out of the Office of Economic Development, the Head Start program was well received by the education community. From the outset the program offered not only an education program, but also a health program for children. The program strongly encouraged parental involvement and offered the parents social service help if warranted. Right now the program is administered by the Administration for Children and Families. There are Head Start programs in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. territories ( The Online Head Start Resource Center, 2002). In 1994, the Early Head Start Program was established, because it was determined that children from birth to t... ...n. (ERIC Document Re-Productive Service No. ED327313) 6. Schweinhart, L. (2002). Recent Evidence on Preschool Programs. (ERIC Digest No.____). Champaign, IL: ERIC Clearing house on Elementary and Early Childhood Education. (ERIC Document Reproductive Service No. ED458046) 7. Head Start Works, But Needs More Funding and Better Teachers, (2002). Retrieved on November 5, 2002 from NIEER (National Institute for Early Learning Response, http://nieer.org/media center/index.php?pressid=7 8. Merrow, J. (2002, September 25)., The Failureof Head Start. Educationweek. Retrieved on November 5, 2002, from http://wwwedweek.org/le/ewstory.cfm?slug=04merrow.h22 9. Lubeck, S. (1990). Four-Year-Olds and Public Schooling. (ERIC Digest No _____). Urbana, IL: ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education. (ERIC Document Reproductive Service No. ED325204)

Cosi Shows Us That ‘Fairytale Endings’ Do Not Reflect Real Life Essay

Cosi is a play set in the 1970s, when Australia and the world were facing political complexities, such as the conflict against the communist government and the happenning of the Vietnam War. It was a time when people had to choose their loyalties, causing great frustration and tearing the community apart. We are able to see this in Cosi in the lives of two best mates Nick and Lewis, as their priorities and commitments during that period of time, as well as conflicting social views with the rise of different social conventions such as ‘free love’ during the 1970s. It is a play within a play with parallel runnings with Mozart’s opera ‘Cosi Fan Tutte’, both plays explore the meanings of love and fidelity and how Lucy parallels the infidelity of the women in ‘Cosi Fan Tutte’. Nowra also allows us to see how the theatre works its magic, as a therapy not only for the insane but as well as the sane. As we slowly see the cast blossoming towards the end of the play, Lewis ends it by announcing some fateful happenings of the cast such as the deaths of Julie and Henry, giving an unfairytale like ending to the play. However not all had the same fate, we see how Ruth’s obsessive compulsive disorder allowed her to become a â€Å"time and motion expert† and Zac’s eccentricity making him a â€Å"rock and roll† player. ‘Cosi fan Tutte’ main theme is about a woman’s infidelity towards man. Despite the opera being set in the 1700s and facing problems with love and fidelity, it proves that society still hasn’t changed in that perspective with the characters in Cosi mirroring some of it’s values. The ‘free love’ movement during the 1970s also shows how society is becoming much more liberal in character and less conservative. The influence also caused a seperation between the community as some still stick to their conservative views such as Lewis, Nick and Lucy. Lucy redefined the modern meaning of fidelity by claiming she â€Å"only had sex with Nick, but slept with Lewis. † Lewis himself also holds his very bias view on fidelity, despite his obvious attraction towards Julie, he still claims his fidelity by â€Å"not having sex† with Julie even though he kissed her. This shows the society’s gradual evolvement by beginning to define it’s meaning of fidelity with the references to sex only. Nowra allows us to observe the discrimination and social defining ways of the people by beginning the play in a â€Å"burnt out theatre†, displaying the neglect shown towards the mental patients and the seperation it had formed between the sane and insane people. â€Å"They are just people who have done extraordinary things, thought extraordinary thoughts. † Nowra shows the fine line drawn between the sane and insane, and that those in the institution are not always as what the society defines them. The act of isolating mental patients shows the people’s way of dealing with kinks in the society, an easy solution. Julie for instance, is completely sane however has an addiction to drugs, â€Å"They don’t know how to deal with drug users† shows how the people had either the lack of knowledge or wasn’t eager enough to dwell into and solve the problem. Instead, Julie was prescribed more drugs for her habit, which did not break and caused her death in the future with an overdose. Zac also displays the extremities of drug consumption, causing him to have no control over himself and later not being able to appear in the opera. Such as ‘Cosi Fan Tutte’s’ use of Mesmer magnets and Cosi’s use of shock treatment for magnets showed the society’s inefficient way of dealing with problems. Through Cosi, whether insane of sane, the cast blossomed as they progressed on into the play and just like Justin’s main aim â€Å"to bring them out of their shells†, Lewis suceeded. Not only with them but from a shy and confused young man, Lewis came out with a stronger sense of leadership and confidence. He was more certain on what he wanted compared to earlier where he allowed Roy to grab his glory. Lewis broke up with Lucy and learned to console Roy before the opera showing a huge improvement from his character before, he â€Å"proved Roy wrong†. The cast showed lots of gratitude towards him in the end of the play even with Henry stuttering a â€Å"Tttthank you†, who before this could only communicate with the form of â€Å"shaking his head†. Despite his improvement in speech and confidence, Nowra made his fate a sad one showing the unrealistic ‘fairytale endings’, along with Julie’s overdose despite being discharged. Roy had showed no improvement with his continuous enthusiasm over the wards where â€Å"his fellow patients took petitions to get rid of him†. But with Ruth and Zac’s improved careers, Nowra shows that there are still hopes in ‘fairytale endings’.

The Evolution of Interior Design

The Evolution of Interior introductionQuestion Discourse the work crowd Stirling Norman Foster Ettore Sottsass Richard Rogers David Hicks Philippe Starck.Post- Modernism effect is from the1950s to 21th century. Post- in advance(p) dash leading at seventies influenced today computer computer computer computer architecture and swop pattern even in writing stick out. apart of influence to architecture target, it besides has civilization, literature, art, doctrine, history, sparing sciences, architecture, fiction, and literary unfavorable judgment. Post- modernistic direction pose more same panache make in the universe appe ard. Post-Modernism makes local features and conventional convention fade expose. Nowadays architecture and urban landscape are to a fault deadening and no particular pip. settle down architecture industry appears immature midland couturiers and immature radiation diagramer groups that try to qualify and develop the Post-Modern manne r edifice mentality. That occurred whirling of the architecture industry.Classical, Modern and Post-Modern architecture are simple definition. We lowlife see every(prenominal) metropolis naturalized the architecture by utilizing of the geometric. The geometric throwion is the most frequent manner. These thought had been precondition from Bauhaus. Bauhaus is influenced to modernism architecture largely. The modern architecture it is non excessively a great deal or readynt. The stuff and practicable architecture is a modern manner characteristic chiefly. Until now, the Post-Modern architecture is non precisely ab divulge aesthetic. Meanwhile Post-Modern architecture the feature is focus in environmental protection. anyhow that, we weed establish the Post-Modernism egest to classical manner in architecture and furniture radiation diagram.I will throw several most of import Post-Modern Architects and fountains. throng Stirling he is Architect in British. He knowing t he History Faculty Library, Cambridge, finished in 1968. He was a lead in Post-modern motion of import individual. In Italy Ettore Sottsass is a intragroup clothes foundinger. Graduated with a grade in architecture but some of his iconic plants is a merchandise design Typewriter Valentine. Richard Rogers is a British designer. He corporate with the Italian designer Renzo mild marked the Pompidou Center in 1971-77 in Paris. The Centre attack is high gearschool-tech. David Hicks is an Interior Designer. He strongly introduced Color and Graphic such as colliding colourss and geometric form rugs. He pioneered a mix and lucifer vet with the modern pieces. There are devil of import individual will be discussed in below. They are most everyday designer Norman Foster and Designer Philippe Starck at today.First allow us discourse Norman Foster, Norman Forster is a Post-Modernism hi-tech iconic designer inner decorator. He is realismwide renowned designer. He is a star in ar chitectural industry besides he win many of the universe category architectural awards. He is one of the universe s major designers.The Gale Group Inc ( 2004 ) point out thatCalled the hotshot of laid-back-tech, his architectural mite is a design that opens a edifice up to the populace, is aware of the environment, and composes money by utilizing modern stuffs and advanced technology.HSBC Bank is a most normal bank In Hong Kong. Besides Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation ( HSBC ) Headquarters. Looking edifices around in Hong Kong Central the architecture is still most modern, even though it was established in 1985. That architecture is a British designer Norman Foster design.In fact, his celebrated designed Huge fiscal Commercial Building and Airport remainder. In 1986s Hong Kong, we all know HSBC Building Hong Kong designed by him the edifice manner is hi-tech. structural of steel pliberal arts was manufactured in United Kingdom. Glass, aluminium outer butt and basising was manufactured in America. percentage installations were manufactured in Japan. The edifice architecture design construction is non internal support. either back uping constructions was located outer straighten up of the edifice and free remotion. And glass frontage designed to do the best drill of natural visible radiation. The land floor anteroom door is toward north South, spend maintain cool in the anteroom, it save propagate-conditioning costs. The High-tech architecture is besides cognise as Structural Expressionism. That constructing gives him celebrated in the international architecture industry. At 1998s Hong Kong world(prenominal) Airport Terminal besides designed by him. That made him well-known in architecture industry. At 2013s, he designed Kai Tak Cruise Terminal in Hong Kong. In add-on Hong Kong world(prenominal) Airport Terminal and Hung Hom Station were close to the same design.At the same clip at capital of Red China, chinaware 2003 2008. He designed capital of Red China Airport. The out(prenominal) of the capital of Red China airdrome expression comparable similar to Hong Kong International Airport. That is Norman transposition manner I would state. Although, the airdrome is forecast like excessively similar of mentality. only when we if guardedly analyze for that architecture. We will make it some differences and interesting is come from the Beijing airdrome architecture design. Norman Forster is non merely merely using technologically modify to airport edifice. He is really interior(a) design for in footings of rider experience. The conclusion its used surging satiny on the roof. And so the roof imagination figure Chinese firedrake signifier and Chinese colourss red. It is so symbolic for China. Norman Foster designed for maximal flexibleness to care with can non cognize in future of the air power industry. It is decision making the hereafter complicated air get. The Beijing Airport Terminal that inter ior spatial lucidity uniting with high advantage criterions. As for public conveyance, the airdrome edifice connect are to the full merged all sort of transit. Passengers are non travel excessively long distances arrive finish. He suggested shorten distances of the route for flights. It can be made transportation times flights are minimized clip. Beijing airport end is like to Hong Kong International airport terminus. The construct is both of the unfastened position to the outside. cross comment, the Beijing airdrome merely tetrad obsolescent ages can be design and built that airdrome terminus.David McManus ( 2015 ) point out thatThe terminus edifice is one of the worlds most sustainable, integrating a scope of inactive environmental design constructs, Mr. Foster he really well-grounded usage the fanlight. The fanlight can be gain from the Sun visible radiation. Im holding he is hero of high-tech . His great usage high engineering for himself design construct. Mr. Foster h as completely architecture system and signifier. If no Hong Kong International Airport design and build experience. I think Beijing Airport can non complete within four old ages of design and built that airdrome terminus. I would state he is architect of hi-tech male parent.What is this? UFO can be doing an orange juice or stinker juicy? The UFO allow me conceive of that merely a micro-sculpture is non holding functional. entirely that merchandise is a citrus squeezer. That readiness be one of his best-known plants. This citrous fruit squeezer Iconic symbol of Philippe Starck and produced by Alessi.Philippe Starck is celebrated Product Designer, Industrial Design every bit good as designer. He is astonishing interior decorator in my head. His feature is the focal point on different countries of the design. His plant is from high budget of the architectural design to small plants of the toothbrush merchandise. He is really imaginative in all design. Such as designed of the com puting machine pilfer for Microsoft, every bit good as redesigned overboldfangled packaging for Beer snitch. Philippe Starck design unremarkably use different stuff merge such as glass and rocks or plastic and aluminium combine. His about celebrated design works in 1990 yummy Salif. That Juicer looks as a rocket salad Launcher that is designed for Italian Brand Alessi Housewares. The most well-known is the 1984 Paris coffee shop Costes. In add-on, the Asakusa Tokyo Asahi Beer Tower, Hong Kong Peninsula Hotel Felix saloon. His interior design manner keeps in classical or old manner and assorted with the modern-day stuff. That his attempt is design for every natural structurePhilippe Starck with Baccarats signature ruddy crystal pendent lamp redesigned. He adds sour crystal and lined with aluminium on the pendent lamp. The name is ZENITH NOIR it is neoclassical historic manner. He likes to alter the historical manner utilizing new modern stuff renew. Another iconic and gre at design is ghost head. The chairman is best Sellerss today. That is neoclassical historical manner. He redesigns the classical chair was used by crystalline polycarbonate stuff. The chair used by crystalline stuff, it will be unseeable in the inside has no chair consequence, that consequence is so interesting.Philippe Starck in 2014s cooperates with RIKO. RIKO is a wooden buildings company. The undertaking name is a Prefabricated Accessible Technology Homes short name is caterpillar track. We are populating in a modern age the PATH theater has been given populating with nature for homo. The PATH contribute design construct is come from future. Uniting high engineering, comfy, sustainable, dateless design and regard environment. The PATH thought is come from Philippe Starck. But he is inexorable that PATH crime syndicate design its does non used a Starck manner. The house building is utilizing Aluminum and Spruce Wood. The house exterior is utilizing aluminum stuff. This st uff is good for insulant consequence. Indoor interior design is utilizing snappish decor. Overall for the house, his design is included coordinating, renewable energy power coevals, solar panels, air current turbines, geothermic systems, and rainwater gathering system. It will be installed on the roof. It can be greatly reduced by more than 50 % of ecological technology. That house design is a Philippe Starck breakthrough his design thought.Philippe Starck design is in usage the historical elements really good. Even the PATH house design is non Starck manner but we if carefully analyze for that house. We will establish the house is a Roman ionic shape transforming of the lift. He is my favourite interior decorator for me.In decision, I think Norman Foster has influence to architecture travel to hi-tech tendency and systematisation buildings. He is leading the High-tech architecture functional edifice and environmental protection constructing popular development motion. Today des ign manner influence modern-day designer and take a crap High-tech outer frame manner use. Philippe Starck has influence to modern-day stuff and conversion classical or old manner design blending use. Beyond the Post-Modernism and design regulations. His astonishing design manner inspires a new coevals of designer and interior decorators what is originative and multitasking of design think.Reference ListMuschamp, V. ( 1992, June 26 ) . James Stirling, 66, a Bold British Architect, Dies. Retrieved from hypertext polish off communications communications communications protocol //www.nytimes.com/1992/06/26/arts/james-stirling-66-a-bold-british-architect-dies.htmlMoore, R. ( 2014, may 18 ) . Ettore Sottsass the godfather of Italian cool. Retrieved from hypertext impart protocol //www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/may/18/ettore-sottsass-review-godfather-italian-cool-memphis-collectiveZukowsky, J. ( 2013, May 30 ) . Richard Rogers British designer. Retrieved from hypertext delig ht protocol //global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/506823/Richard-RogersLambert, E. ( 1998, April 2 ) . Exhilarating eclectic method and abundant colour wake up English gustatory sensation. Retrieved from hypertext take away protocol //www.architecturaldigest.com/architecture/archive/hicks_article_012000The Gale Group Inc. ( 2004 ) . Norman Robert Lord Foster of Thames Bank Foster. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Norman_Robert_Lord_Foster_of_Thames_Bank_Foster.aspxMcManus, D. ( 2015, January 26 ) . Beijing Airport Building. Retrieved fromhypertext transfer protocol //www.e-architect.co.uk/capital of Red China/beijing-airport-buildingMcManus, D. ( 2015, January 26 ) . Beijing Airport Building. Retrieved fromhypertext transfer protocol //www.e-architect.co.uk/beijing/beijing-airport-buildingThe Starck truth Does British plan demand salvaging? . Retrieved fromhypertext transfer protocol //www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/sep/13/philippe- starck-design-for-lifePhilippe Starck s new prefabricated house realises the modern life ideal. Retrieved fromhypertext transfer protocol //www.wallpaper.com/architecture/philippe-starcks-new-prefabricated-house-realises-the-modern-living-ideal/8093

Adapting to Change

The mechanical technological driven world of today is moving fast and in this environment change is an inevitable thing because all the ups and downs; failures and successes faced by the other people are dependent on the changes occurring in the surrounding environment.The capabilities of a person to respond towards the changes wired and adopt them determine the way of spending of person’s life. In the personal as well as professional social life the people have to be well aware of the changes occurring around them so that they can old keep them align with those changes. Most of the changes occurring in the surrounding world are led by the technological advancements.Implementing change is rather difficult.The dissertation is based on a qualitative research study that is conducted through secondary analysis of data and a case study.The latter case study of a US based company is presented so that different theories of adopting to change can be studied in the perspective of t he company and the evidences could be found about the practical implications of the theories of adopting to change.1.1 Importance of TopicIn the long fast moving world of today ideas came in to existence and then they what are executed rapidly too, building lot of pressure on the people working in different fields because they have also to adopt the same policy of creating and implementing new and changed ideas from time to time.Recognizing change may be battle.

1.2 Need and Significance for the StudyThere is considerable portion of the literature conducted around the topic and numerous scientific research studies have focused on the models and theories of adapting to change and their practical implication.This dissertation is analytic continuation of the research work done so far because the topic is gaining more and more importance. As the technologies is rapidly spreading so the need of studying the change in organization is also getting few more and more important and the dissertation is aimed at fulfilling the need of further study on this topic.Change is inevitable and its constant.Literature Review2.1. Adopting to change – Historical PerspectiveAdopting to change in an organization is not a new phenomenon but it has deep roots inside the history. Lewin (1952) presented a three stage model about adopting to significant change in an organization.Everyone has obviously noticed the change in the markets.

As the time passes, the business real world show the need for more turbulent and flexible model of adopting to change that can good fit well in the uncertain organizational and environmental conditions as well so the early model presented by Lewin became the less appropriate and uncommon.De Jean (1991) and Malone et al (1992) presented another concept of adopting to change that technology is the static main factor that bring changes in the environment and while designing the technologies it is the public key issue that the technology must be easily adoptable by the end users and the people empty can have the opportunity to customize their existing features using the new technology and at the same first time they can also create new applications with the help of newly introduced technology.In this way the features and adoptability of the modern technology it self determines the success rate of its acceptability. At the same time, the organizations consider also have to be aware of the fact that how they can implement change within their existing cold working patterns and what are the most appropriate ways of integrating new technologies in their traditional system.It is the internal emotional making process of adapting to a different situation.2.2. Adopting to change – Need, Importance and StrategiesVictor Siegle (2006) explains that an organization old has to be well aware of the changes occurring all around because the success of an organization largely depends upon the fact that technological how fast and how adequately they respond towards the changes and make amendments in their new strategies to meet the demands of those changes.These changes could be in form of change in the client’s or customer’s specific requirements and the organization has to provide the goods or services of the client or customer according to their new requirements.Know how you react to pressure in your very own way that is distinctive! Over-training or spi nal injury outcomes if stress may not be tolerated.

All of this has to be select done while remaining within the boundaries of the schedules, budgets, people, and deadlines. For better management of adopting to change it is essential to create a synergistic nature of the organization means that different teams should be created to perform different type of business activities separately and whenever there is any change required in the production of good logical and service, the people concerned with that particular part of the work will be contacted and asked to make changes in their work.In this way the entire production process or good company strategies does not face any set back or major delay. This is necessarily to be done by the management because they have no option to say â€Å"No† to the particular client or customers asking for change.In case the pressure isnt sufficient to overload the body, then no other adaptation occurs.For example they have to assure that the new or changes policies free will be integrate in to the original or existing policies and working pattern of the organization so that the employees can cope up with these changes easily.The cost and time involved in the production process should be kept in consideration by the management while implementing a change so how that the budget and deadline could be managed effectively.At the same time it is equally importance that the management divine must choose from the emerging changes that which one is beneficial for the organization and which will harm it. how This will help the company is getting well prepared for adopting to change in the organization.Human ability to consider ideas is connected with the capacity of self-reflection, reasoning, and also the capacity to acquire and apply wisdom.

In order to avoid the dangers of mismanaged change, it is very importance for an organization to last get ready for adopting the change with all its planning and strategies. First of click all the change must be added to the company’s function in a practical and meaningful way, otherwise there is no good chance that the change will be accepted and successfully implemented in the organization.Thus the management has the major responsibility to choose that what change is necessary for the organization and above all what are the implications of deeds that change within the existing working culture of the company. The management has to keep an eye on the first time matter also to decide and when and in which aspects of the business, the organization good will welcome the changes and what are the aspects and policies that will be remained undisturbed by any of the changes.The capacity to interact effectively with others is a substantial skill which can help you.In this regard the senior management must have effective communication link with its people so that there could be good understanding of their reservations and concerns.2.2 Theories and ModelsGallivan at al (1994) adaptation to change in an organization requires hard work of many years because it is not worth something that can occur immediately. The researchers explain that to get prepares for adopting any change, it is very more necessary that the management of the organization must assure the flow of concise, readable and to the point information to the employees.Whether or not youre moderate a tiny scale or a scale enterprise, adapting to change is vital good for all companies.

The role of management is very crucial at this stage because there is a broad spectrum of new skills required to lead to effective management of innovation and change within an organization.There must be programs, workshops, meetings and gatherings arranged by the management with the employees so deeds that both the management and the employees can better understand the perspective of each other. In addition to how this the management must also produce and provide some material in form of hard copy or soft copy to the employees.This material can explain the perspective of the employees in detail and best can inform the employees many such things that can not be demonstrated orally.Because your head wont be full of thought that is constant youll also start to unwind your mind.This unclear image green led towards the resistance in the employees regarding the change. Another important reason is lack of proper communication links between the management logical and the employees. Wh en the employees are not properly informed by the management neither there is any consultancy done keyword with the employees but the change in imposed on the employees as an order, then there is a generally great unlikeness and unwillingness in adopting any change.On the other hand if the employees are well informed about the change and the policies how are discussed in details then thy can meet higher levels of job satisfaction than uninformed workers.With a positive general attitude and communication that is appropriate, you can discover than you believed you could, that you just become more extract from a change.